Bibliography

	Web Site Web link	Battle of Xiangyang. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/      wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang>. The Battle of Xiangyang also known as the      Battle of Xiangfan was a six-year battle between invading Yuan Dynasty      armies founded by the Mongols and Southern Song forces between AD 1267 and      1273. After the battle, the victorious Yuan forces pushed farther into the      Song heartland. Previously for 30 years, the Song Dynasty managed to handle      several major offensives by the Mongol Empire. The strategic significance      of Xiangyang came from the fact that it was in a position dominating the      Han river. Once the Yuan forces occupied Xiangyang, they could travel by      ships down the Han river into the Yangtze river. After the Battle of      Xiangyang, the Song Dynasty did not enjoy the protection of natural      barriers any more and so it collapsed in just a few years. The final battle      was the relatively short naval Battle of Yamen in 1279. Thus this battle      was decisive.		0 New	Edit    Copy    Delete Parenthetical Reference Have a Question?
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	Web Site Web link	Chinese History - Yuan Dynasty 元 (1279-1368) map and geography. N.p.,      n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. <http:/www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Yuan/      yuan-map.html>. Capital of the Yuan empire was Dadu      &#22823;&#37117; "Great Capital", known as Khanbalik )      and today as Beijing, secondary capital was the Shangdu      &#19978;&#37117; "Upper Capital" , located near Dolonnur      &#22810;&#20523;/Inner Mongolia. The old capital of the Mongols,      Karakhorum , was located in modern Mongolia. Khubilai Khan and his advisors      adopted the traditional imperial secretariat as the core of their central      government over China, and in the course of the conquest of Jin and Song      China, such an en-route secretariat was installed in every region. Eleven      such branch secretariates were installed throughout the empire and were      taken over by the Ming goverment as regular units of provinces		0 New	Edit    Copy    Delete Parenthetical Reference Have a Question?
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	Web Site Web link	Song and Yuan Dynasty Painting and Calligraphy. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2012.      <http://www.asia.si.edu/SongYuan/>. The collection includes an      extraordinary group of eighty-two paintings—illustrating a range of themes,      compositions, and stylistic conventions—and three independent works of      calligraphy, two of which take the form of rubbings. More than ninety other      examples of Song and Yuan calligraphy are featured in frontispieces,      inscriptions, or colophons attached to paintings.		0 New	Edit    Copy    Delete Parenthetical Reference Have a Question?
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	Web Site Web link	Yuan dynasty 1260–1368. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2012.      <http://etcweb.princeton.edu/asianart/      timeperiod_china.jsp?ctry=China&pd=Yuan>. The Mongols ruled China for      about one hundred years. During this short time, they established new      rituals and institutions that heavily influenced the following Ming and      Qing dynasties. The Mongols adopted many features of Chinese culture, but      early in their rule they were suspicious of having native Chinese serve in      government. In turn, many Chinese scholars and officials felt alienated and      refused to serve the Yuan, preferring instead to live in retirement or      pursue unconventional professions. Rather than stifling creativity,      however, the tension between the Mongols and their Chinese subjects seems      to have energized the arts of the period. In addition, new religious and      secular practices were introduced into China. At different times, the Yuan      government alternated in its support between Daoism and Buddhism; and the      Mongol rulers particularly favored Lamaism, a form of Tibetan Buddhism.		0 New	Edit    Copy    Delete Parenthetical Reference Have a